Pro-birth policies, missions and fertility: historical evidence from Congo

Using a demographic survey conducted in the 1970s in seven major cities, we recover the individual birth calendars of 30,000 women born between 1900 and 1948. We rely on unique historical material to reconstruct temporal and geographic heterogeneity in exposure to different type of missions.

In the spirit a difference in difference, we exploit geographical variation in the timing of opening of new missionary posts of different types and find that Catholic nuns succeeded in stimulating fertility while Protestant missionaries have a negative impact on fertility.

In terms of mechanisms, we argue that progress in general health or conversion to Catholicism are unlikely to explain, alone, the rise in fertility. In contrast, Catholic education for girls appear to have had a decisive impact on their fertility behaviour: we find a strong correlation between the presence of Catholic housekeeping schools and the rise of fertility.

This confirms historians’ analyses regarding the success of nuns in promoting an ideal of domesticity where women are confined to their role of mother and wife.

Finally, using Demographic and Health Survey data, we find some trace of colonial mission’s influence on fertility patterns today.